Propellants mixtures containing nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin (detonation velocity 7,700m/s (25,260ft/s), RE factor 1.54) as explosive propellant ingredients are known as double-base powder. Alternatively diethylene glycol dinitrate (detonation velocity 6,610m/s (21,690ft/s), RE factor 1.17) can be used as a nitroglycerin replacement when reduced flame temperatures without sacrificing chamber pressure are of importance. [6] :298 Reduction of flame temperature significantly reduces barrel erosion and hence wear. [7] :30 Laflin & Rand Powder Company". DuPont. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2012. Philip Athans (September 2006). Lies of Light. ( Wizards of the Coast), chap. 30. ISBN 0-7869-3237-6.

Smokepowder was typically sold and carried within either small wooden powderkegs or in powder horns. [12] A pouch held enough for eighteen shots of an arquebus. [2] [3] Smokeless powders are typically classified as division 1.3 explosives under the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods– Model Regulations, regional regulations (such as ADR) and national regulations. However, they are used as solid propellants; in normal use, they undergo deflagration rather than detonation.

Reloading Powder

To get inside, you have a couple of options. You can use your senses to find a secret button that opens the door.

Flash reducers dim muzzle flash, the light emitted in the vicinity of the muzzle by the hot propellant gases and the chemical reactions that follow as the gases mix with the surrounding air. Before projectiles exit, a slight pre-flash may occur from gases leaking past the projectiles. Following muzzle exit, the heat of gases is usually sufficient to emit visible radiation: the primary flash. The gases expand but as they pass through the Mach disc, they are re-compressed to produce an intermediate flash. Hot, combustible gases (e.g. hydrogen and carbon-monoxide) may follow when they mix with oxygen in the surrounding air to produce the secondary flash, the brightest. The secondary flash does not usually occur with small arms. [17] :55–56 Philip Athans (September 2006). Lies of Light. ( Wizards of the Coast), chap. 36. ISBN 0-7869-3237-6. Despite its name, smokeless powder is not completely free of smoke; [3] :44 while there may be little noticeable smoke from small-arms ammunition, smoke from artillery fire can be substantial.

Ingredients

Smoke mix can be made in many ways, you can either mix Potassium nitrate and Sugar dry, in a 60/40 mixture by weight, or, for a better smoke mix, you can melt them down together over an electric hot plate. You should NOT make a batch more than 100 grams total at once, as the larger the batch, the harder it is to evenly cook. Alcohol and ether were then evaporated from "green" powder grains to a remaining solvent concentration between 3 percent for rifle powders and 7 percent for large artillery powder grains. Burning rate is inversely proportional to solvent concentration. Grains were coated with electrically conductive graphite to minimize generation of static electricity during subsequent blending. "Lots" containing more than ten tonnes of powder grains were mixed through a tower arrangement of blending hoppers to minimize ballistic differences. Each blended lot was then subjected to testing to determine the correct loading charge for the desired performance. [3] :35–41 [6] :293 & 306 The energetic components used in smokeless propellants include nitrocellulose (the most common), nitroglycerin, nitroguanidine, DINA (bis-nitroxyethylnitramine; diethanolamine dinitrate, DEADN; DHE), Fivonite (2,2,5,5-tetramethylol-cyclopentanone tetranitrate, CyP), DGN ( diethylene glycol dinitrate), and acetyl cellulose. [15] Grant Boucher, William W. Connors, Steve Gilbert, Bruce Nesmith, Christopher Mortika, Skip Williams (April 1990). Monstrous Compendium Greyhawk Adventures Appendix. Edited by Mike Breault. ( TSR, Inc.). ISBN 0-88038-836-6.

Smokeless powder may be corned into small spherical balls or extruded into cylinders or strips with many cross-sectional shapes (strips with various rectangular proportions, single or multi-hole cylinders, slotted cylinders) using solvents such as ether. These extrusions can be cut into short ("flakes") or long pieces ("cords" many inches long). Cannon powder has the largest pieces. [7] :28 [3] :41Davis, William C. Jr. (1981). Handloading. National Rifle Association of America. ISBN 0-935998-34-9. Watters, Daniel E. "The Great Propellant Controversy". The Gun Zone. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013. During the 1930s, triple-base propellant containing nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate, and a substantial quantity of nitroguanidine (detonation velocity 8,200m/s (26,900ft/s), RE factor 0.95) as explosive propellant ingredients was developed. These "cold propellant" mixtures have reduced flash and flame temperature without sacrificing chamber pressure compared to single- and double-base propellants, albeit at the cost of more smoke. In practice, triple base propellants are reserved mainly for large caliber ammunition such as used in (naval) artillery and tank guns, which suffer from bore erosion the most. During World War II, it had some use by British artillery. After that war it became the standard propellant in all British large caliber ammunition designs except small-arms. Most western nations, except the United States, followed a similar path. [ citation needed]